Aug 18, · Anxiety Disorders. Anxiety disorders are a group of mental disorders characterized by constant overwhelming apprehension and fear. Unlike the usual temporary anxiety, people with anxiety disorders are incessantly worried and their nervousness often affects their ability to function in social and occupational interactions Anxiety Disorders Research Paper Research Paper On Anxiety Disorder. INTRODUCTION Anxiety disorder is having an excessive fear and behavioral Childhood Anxiety Disorders Research Paper. Bias Modified Cognitive Treatment for Childhood Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Social Anxiety Disorder Research Research Paper: Anxiety Disorders Stephanie Hathaway Liberty University Abstract Anxiety Disorders are characterized by many symptoms and often associated with depressive tendencies. Although the majority are produced in a person based off of their genetic material, other influences exist environmentally that can encourage or discourage the severity of the
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Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent in the general population and result in considerable suffering for millions of individuals. Consequently, much research has been conducted on the etiology, assessment, and treatment of anxiety disorders, research paper on anxiety disorder?.
Advances made within the field of anxiety disorders represent one of the great success stories within psychology over the last century. These advances demonstrate how empirical research and well-grounded theories can be used to inform clinical practice. For these reasons, anxiety disorders are of particular interest to research paper on anxiety disorder? of psychology, especially those considering a career in clinical psychology.
Although anxiety disorders were not officially recognized by the American Psychiatric Association untilanxiety and fear have always played prominent roles in human history. Civilizations have used chemical and herbal remedies to reduce fear and decrease pain for literally thousands of years. The ancient Greeks described citizens who were so fearful that they refused to leave their homes, a precursor to our modern concept of agoraphobia. Over the following centuries, civilizations attributed anxiety symptoms to the results of human sin or witchcraft, the work of evil spirits, or relatively crude assumptions about human biology.
Beginning in the late s, and coinciding with the spread of psychology to America, fear and anxiety began to receive closer attention within the academic community. Conceptualizations of the anxiety construct began to change around the s.
Freudian psychoanalytic theory began to garner heavy criticism from more empirically minded psychologists because it was not testable, was based on case reports from a select group of patients, and overemphasized sexual and unconscious conflicts. Behaviorism gradually appeared in its stead, emphasizing the importance of studying observable behaviors and developing an evidence-based science of psychology.
Several important events strengthened the behaviorist movement. The first event was the repeated demonstration that fear responses could be classically conditioned in animals, providing empirical evidence that fear obeyed common learning principles. The seemingly direct relationship between these symptoms and combat exposure provided anecdotal support for the role of classical conditioning in human fear.
The third event was the subsequent introduction of behavior therapy, which showed that classically conditioned fears could be reduced with various procedures arranging for safe and prolonged exposure research paper on anxiety disorder? feared stimuli. The success of behavior therapy was taken as evidence for the role of conditioning in fear development and maintenance. These events legitimized interest in behavioral accounts of anxiety disorders and their treatment. Although current conceptualizations of anxiety bear many similarities to those that were heavily influenced by behaviorism, realizations that conditioning accounts of anxiety were oversimplified and did not accord completely with the major empirical facts soon arose.
The most prominent research paper on anxiety disorder? is the two-factor theory of fear mediation typically attributed to O. Mowrerthe prevailing theory of fear conditioning during the mid s. According to two-factor theory, fear is originally learned through classical conditioning but is later maintained by operant conditioning in the form of avoidance behavior. Avoidance prevents the individual from learning that there is no longer anything to fear, but it is research paper on anxiety disorder? reinforced and thus persists because it reduces anxiety.
Classical conditioning alone could not explain the origins of all fear development, as numerous studies showed that many phobic individuals could not identify a specific research paper on anxiety disorder? event that initiated their fear. These findings led researchers such as S. Rachman and Albert Bandura to suggest that fears could be learned also through watching others behave fearfully i.
Criticisms of the role of operant conditioning in maintaining fear centered primarily on the failure to demonstrate consistently the predicted relationship between avoidance and fear in various experimental settings. As detailed in reviews by Delprato and McGlynn and Rachmanstudies accumulated showing that fear often persists even when avoidance has been eliminated, that many individuals will approach a feared stimulus despite reporting extreme fear, and that minimal fear is evidenced when the avoidance response becomes research paper on anxiety disorder?. Inadequacies in purely behavioral accounts of anxiety prompted psychologists in the latter half of the 20th century to focus instead on cognitive and information-processing aspects of anxiety.
These cognitive theories highlighted the importance of maladaptive thinking patterns including catastrophic expectations about experiences with feared stimuli and biased processing of threat-related information as factors that maintain anxiety. The work of Aaron Beck emphasized the central role of core beliefs related to perceived danger and vulnerability, and others such as Albert Ellis and Donald Meichenbaum described the importance of modifying research paper on anxiety disorder? cognitions in their unique forms of cognitive therapy, research paper on anxiety disorder?.
Corresponding with these developments in the cognitive arena were advances in technology that afforded more accurate understanding of the physiological and biological influences on anxiety and fear. Physiological influences involve those associated with the autonomic nervous system. More recent neurobiological advances include identification of relevant neurotransmitters, brain structures, and pathways between brain structures and stress hormones described in more detail later, research paper on anxiety disorder?.
Most recently, behavioral, cognitive, and biological elements have been integrated into more complex models. The cumulative effect of these historical developments was the realization that anxiety and fear are extremely complex emotions. Subjective elements include thoughts, beliefs, assumptions, and the like that are self-reported. Physiological determinants are those controlled primarily by the sympathetic nervous system, such as increased heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure.
According to Lang, the subjective, behavioral, and physiological components of anxiety are relatively independent of one another. Within any individual, contributions of the three components may differ at any point in time discordance or change at different rates over time desynchrony.
For example, a person with an extreme fear of public speaking may think during the speech that he or she is not communicating clearly subjective and evidence increased heart rate physiologicalbut may display no visible signs of anxiety to audience members behavioral.
As the speech progresses, heart rate may decrease even though anxious cognitions remain. However, for another individual, the constellation of subjective, behavioral, and physiological factors may be entirely different.
Though it does not present a thorough account of how anxiety develops or is maintained, the three-channel view has provided clinicians and researchers with a useful framework for understanding how anxiety is experienced. According to Barlow, some individuals are particularly vulnerable to developing an anxiety disorder. A person may inherit a general biological vulnerability toward anxiety and develop psychological vulnerabilities based on early life experiences with uncontrollable situations.
These preexisting vulnerabilities, when combined with stressful life situations, may produce unusual bodily sensations. Because the bodily sensations are experienced simultaneously with fear in the initial form of a panic attackthey become cues for fearful thinking anytime they are noticed.
The individual begins to focus excessively on any unusual bodily sensations because he or she is now fearful of the sensations and believes they are dangerous. The increased attention to bodily sensations increases fearful thinking and ultimately leads to avoidance of situations wherein the feared sensations may occur. The cycle repeats and continues, with fearful thinking occasioning panic symptoms and vice versa.
These models denote the contribution of inherited and learned vulnerabilities in conjunction with life stress; if either of these conditions is lacking preexisting vulnerability or significant life stressan anxiety disorder will not develop. These models also emphasize the role of anxious thinking and avoidance in maintaining anxiety and fear. Historically, the prevailing view was that the presence of an identifiable fear cue differentiated fear from anxiety: Fear was triggered directly by a specific stimulus e.
Panic typically refers to a more intense experience than fear, and an individual experiencing a panic attack may have difficulty identifying the stimulus that provoked the attack. Likewise, research paper on anxiety disorder?, many people experience fear but do not experience panic attacks. Anxiety, in comparison to panic and fear, usually refers to a more generalized and future-oriented emotion entailing worry, apprehension, and planning.
Anxiety serves to prepare an organism to detect, research paper on anxiety disorder?, appraise, and cope with potential threats and is often expressed through hypervigilance, scanning the environment, and appraising coping strategies, research paper on anxiety disorder?. Generally, most anxiety disorders are characterized by intense fear or anxiety about certain stimuli and some type of avoidance behavior s.
The criteria required for diagnosis of each anxiety disorder are outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association,research paper on anxiety disorder?, which provides a useful but inexact grouping of all psychological disorders based on their presenting symptoms. One result of this grouping system is comorbidity, a term that refers to the fact that many individuals meet diagnostic criteria for more than one disorder.
Anxiety disorders are most frequently comorbid with other anxiety disorders, depression, and substance use disorders. Because DSM-IV-TR describes the key features of each anxiety disorder in considerable detail, a brief overview of that information is provided here. Symptoms experienced during panic attacks include rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, sweating, feeling dizzy or lightheaded, fears of dying, and fears of losing control or going crazy, to name several.
Often, significant changes in behavior manifest as agoraphobia panic disorder with agoraphobiain which the individual avoids many situations in which a panic attack may occur or in which help may not be available in the event of panic e.
Indeed, a focus on catastrophic misinterpretations of relatively benign bodily sensations is central to cognitive models of panic disorder see Clark, The lifetime prevalence rate of PD with or without agoraphobia is between 1.
Onset of PD typically occurs between late adolescence and the mids. Like most other anxiety disorders, PD is more common in women than in men. Because strong bodily sensations are associated with panic attacks, individuals with PD frequently present to their primary care physician rather than to a mental health provider. A comprehensive physical evaluation is often warranted, in order to rule out serious medical conditions that may mimic panic attacks such as chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular disease, epilepsy, etc.
Often referred to as social anxiety disorder, social phobia involves an intense fear of social or performance situations. Most typically, the individual fears being judged negatively by others, by either doing something embarrassing or having others notice that he or she is extremely anxious. Some individuals may experience panic attacks when exposed to social situations; however, in contrast to PD, the panic attacks are limited entirely to social or performance situations and are not experienced as unexpected or uncued.
Feared situations often include public speaking, eating in front of others, using public restrooms, meeting new people, and going to parties. If the fear extends to most social situations, a diagnosis of social phobia, generalized subtype, is appropriate. Other features often associated with socially phobic individuals include being overly sensitive to criticism or rejection, social skills deficits e.
Social phobia is recognized as a very common anxiety disorder, with lifetime prevalence rates typically ranging from 3 to 13 percent. A substantially higher percentage of individuals report excessive fear of public speaking, but most of these cases do not merit a diagnosis of social phobia.
Onset of social phobia typically occurs in the teenage years, often among individuals who were very shy as children. Although onset of social phobia after age 30 is uncommon, many preteen children are diagnosed with social phobia after problems interacting with peers, teachers, research paper on anxiety disorder?, or strangers are observed.
Epidemiological studies indicate that social phobia is more common in women than in men, but half or more of those who present for treatment are male. Another type of phobic disorder is a specific phobia, which refers to a persistent and excessive fear of a specific object or situation. Similar to social phobia, the feared stimulus is usually avoided and panic attacks, if they occur, are directly in response to the feared stimulus only. Five major subtypes have been identified: a animal type, if the fear is initiated by exposure to animals or insects; b natural environment type, for fear that is prompted research paper on anxiety disorder? objects in nature, such as heights, storms, or water; c blood-injection-injury BII type, for fear that is cued by invasive medical procedures, by receiving an injection, or by seeing blood or an injury; d situational type, research paper on anxiety disorder?, for fear that is prompted by a specific situation, such as enclosed spaces, public transportation, driving, or bridges; and e other type, for fear that is cued by an object not classified within one of the above categories, such as a fear of vomiting or research paper on anxiety disorder? clowns.
The situational subtype is observed most frequently. Lifetime prevalence rates for specific phobias typically range from 10 to 11 percent. Despite the fact that virtually all specific phobias are more common in women than men, recent research has underscored the fact that the specific phobia subtypes differ in many other ways. For example, the onset of situational phobias is typically later than the onset of the other phobia subtypes, which usually emerge during childhood or early adolescence, research paper on anxiety disorder?.
As another example, BII phobics typically manifest a physiological response pattern opposite to that of other phobias. Instead of rapid and prolonged heart rate acceleration, BII phobia is characterized by a brief acceleration of heart rate, followed by a quick deceleration of heart rate and a decrease in blood pressure. As a result, and unlike other phobias, fainting is often observed in BII phobia upon exposure to the feared stimulus.
Individuals rarely present for treatment for a specific phobia because they simply avoid the object they fear. Treatment is usually sought only if the individual will be unable to avoid the feared object e. Obsessions refer to intrusive and persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that are not simply exaggerated worries about real-life problems.
Understanding and treating anxiety disorders
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Anxiety Disorders Research Paper Research Paper On Anxiety Disorder. INTRODUCTION Anxiety disorder is having an excessive fear and behavioral Childhood Anxiety Disorders Research Paper. Bias Modified Cognitive Treatment for Childhood Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Social Anxiety Disorder Research Jun 23, · Anxiety Disorders Paper Outline Anxiety disorders are described by intemperate and industrious dread and tension, and by related unsettling influences Although anxiety disorders are universally experienced by many people across the world, they cause a considerable amount In the US for Estimated Reading Time: 9 mins Research Paper: Anxiety Disorders Stephanie Hathaway Liberty University Abstract Anxiety Disorders are characterized by many symptoms and often associated with depressive tendencies. Although the majority are produced in a person based off of their genetic material, other influences exist environmentally that can encourage or discourage the severity of the
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